From Michael Apple’s view, the hidden curriculum is those attitudes, values, and beliefs that exist in the education system but are not explicitly stated in written formal documents ( 4).Īlso, Skeleton considers the hidden curriculum as a set of implications for knowledge, values, behavioral norms, and attitudes that the learner implicitly and empirically acquires during educational processes.

The hidden curriculum is beyond the formal curriculum scope and is learned from the behaviors and attitudes of others in the educational setting ( 3). But the publication of Philip Jackson’s book, living in the Classroom, can be considered the official beginning of extensive studies in the field of hidden curriculum ( 2).

John Dewey and some of his followers, such as Kilpatrick, have paid more attention to the hidden functions and experiences gained in the educational environment. William Pinar believes that in the last century, the curriculum has shifted from formal and actual documents to all planned and unplanned experiences of educational institutions ( 1). Hidden Curriculum Online Education Systematized Review 1. Online education, like traditional education, has latent learning that can affect education. A review of studies in the hidden e-learning curriculum showed that the hidden curriculum is important because it has a strong influence on the learners in many ways. The hidden curriculum is a reflection of what students receive in the learning environment so we need to pay attention to this environment.

Secret curriculum